"Δεν υπάρχει μακεδονική μειονότητα στην Ελλάδα"

[Ζενίθεδρος]

Oι Βούλγαροι είναι ινδικής καταγωγής. Είναι ο μοναδικός λαός εκτός Ινδίας που γέρνουν ρυθμικά αριστερά και δεξιά το κεφάλι τους ως νεύμα κατάφασης. Το έχω παρατηρήσει ότι το κάνουν και οι "σλαβόφωνοι" της Μακεδονίας, της μίας ελληνικής εννοείται. Απόδειξη πως είναι Βούλγαροι μέχρι το μεδούλι.

[Highlander]

Όχι, δεν ήταν τουρκομογγολοι σαν τους προγόνους σου, που ήταν τουρκομογγολοι χριστιανοί και τώρα ζουν στα εδάφη των συμπατριωτών μου. Πότε άλλαξαν γλώσσα ήταν ντιμπέιταμπ'λ, αλλα σε κάθε περίπτωση δεν έχει σχέση με τους δύο αγίους αδελφούς που είχαν ήδη πεθάνει όταν οι μαθητές τους έφεραν το αλφάβητο στη Βουλγαρία. Αυτοί οι μαθητές ήταν βούλγαροι, ή αν σε κάνει ευτυχισμένο "σλαβόφωνοι".
Λοιπόν, ήρθαν από την Ασία και το ίδιο κάνανε και πολλοί άλλοι ινδό-ευρωπαίοι κι όχι μόνο οι (πρώτο)βούλγαροι (άριοι). Όλοι ήρθαν από κάπου.
Επαναλαμβάνω, εκείνοι οι βούλγαροι δεν είχαν σχέση με τους τουρκομογγόλους σε αντίθεση με τους προγόνους σου. Επίσης οι βούλγαροι στη Μακεντόνια δεν είχαν δικούς τους βασίλιους διότι εκείνη την περίοδο δεν είχε μπολσεβίκους να τους εξηγήσουν ότι είναι "σλαβόφωνοι" κι όχι βούλγαροι. Λογικά ήταν ευτυχισμένοι υπό την εξουσία των βασιλιών τους (άλλοι βούλγαροι).

Βέβαια υπήρχε ζαντρούγκα και στη Βουλγαρία proper όχι μόνο στη Μακεντόνια (Νοτιοδυτική Βουλγαρία για να είμαστε ακριβείς). Εντελώς άλλο θέμα είναι πόσο αυτή η ζαντρούγκα επηρεάστηκε από τους βούλγαρους (αριους) που ήρθαν στον 7 (και πιο νωρίς) αιώνα. Διότι οποιοιδήποτε να ήταν νομάδες χωρίς αμφιβολία και όπως όλοι ξέρουμε οι νομάδες είχαν μεγάλες οικογένειες που ζούσαν όλοι μαζί. Πολύ πιθανόν οι οικογενειακές σχέσεις ήταν πολύ ισχυρές σ αυτούς όπως βλέπουμε στις λέξεις που δεν υπάρχουν στις άλλες γλώσσες.

Δεύτερη φορά παραδέχεσαι την ασιατική καταγωγή των Βούλγαρων, δημοσίευση που δεν πρέπει να χαθεί. Η κοιτίδα των σλάβων ήταν η Μοραβία (σημερινή Τσεχία-Σλοβακία) και οι ΤΟΥΡΚΟΜΟΓΓΟΛΟΙ Βούλγαροι ήρθαν από την Ασία όπως παραδέχτηκες κι εσύ. Το ότι άλλαξαν την γλώσσα τους είναι ιστορικά καταγεγραμμένο και ... απορώ γιατί απαντάς ακόμα.

Την ζάντρουγκα στην Βουλγαρία την είχαν σλάβοι και όχι Βούλγαροι. Οι νομάδες Βούλγαροι δεν την είχαν και γι' αυτό είχαν βασιλείς από τότε που εγκαταστάθηκαν στην σημερινή Βουλγαρία (νομίζω στο βόρειο μέρος της σημερινής Βουλγαρίας).

Μοιράζεις πόνο στους ναζί

[Northerner]

Τι πόνο μοιράζει αυτός ο ηλίθιος; Μόνο άλλοι ηλίθιοι μπορούν να σημοφώνουν μ αυτό που γράφει!
Βρήκα το άρθρο, κομπανιέρος! Τώρα όλοι μπορείτε να δείτε ότι εγώ είχα δίκιο.
Από google translate - (μην ανησυχείτε, ο ''καθηγητής'' πιο πάνω θα σας εξηγήσει τα πάντα αφού με διορθώνει για το ποια λέξη είναι βουλγαρική)

Mitochondrial DNA reveals Western-Eurasian origin of the ancient Bulgarians

For a long time the ancient Bulgarians were considered a Turkic population. However, the evidence found in the last 30 years shows that this is not the case. So far, this evidence did not include an analysis of ancient mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). In order to fill this gap, we have gathered human remains from 8-10 c. AD, located in three necropolises in Bulgaria: Nojarevo (Silistra region), Mostisti Monastery (Shumen district) - both in Northeastern Bulgaria, and from Tuhovishte (Satovcha area) - in Southwestern Bulgaria. The phylogenetic analysis of 13 ancient DNA samples (extracted from teeth) identified 12 hippolippuses, which we then classify into mitochondrial DNA hipprologys found in modern European and Western Eurasian peoples. Our results show western-breasted maternal origin for proto-Bulgarians, as well as genetic similarity between Proto-Bulgarians and modern Bulgarians. Our future work will provide additional data that will further elucidate the origins of the Proto-Bulgarians and thus add new traces to the current understanding of European genetic evolution.

The development of anthropogenetics and paleogenetics and the increase of their role in evolutionary science gave rise to a new scientific field - an analysis of ancient DNA.

Technological improvements now allow the extraction of mitochondrial DNA from museum exhibits, archaeological finds and fossils. Through sequence (DNA sequence) of mitochondrial hypervariable fragments of ancient DNA extracted from skeleton remains, scientists can classify mRNAs that are transmitted by the maternal line according to their sequence polymorphisms, thus creating chronologies that connect modern humans with their ancestors (Adachia et al 2004, Forster 2004, Yao and Zhang 3 2000, Yonggang and Yaping 2003). In this study we used ancient mitochondrial DNA to investigate the origins of the Proto-Bulgarians.

There are many studies that focus on the origins of the ancient Bulgarians. The interest is probably related to the fact that the Danube Bulgaria - the Proto-Bulgarian state, created in the 7th century, is the only ancient state in Europe that has preserved its name to this day. The Ancient Bulgarian State was formally recognized by the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) in 681, after Kan Asparuh, leading his army, defeated the 80,000th Army of the Eastern Roman Empire in 680. At that time Bulgaria had along the Balkan Mountains.

One of the concepts of the origins of the Proto-Bulgarians defines them as a Turkic population, especially the Hunto-Tatar (Huni Mongols). Tatars is the Russian name for the Mongols - the descendants of Genghis Khan, who conquered Russia in the 13th century. This hypothesis was first presented in the Dějiny národné bulharského by a Czech historian, diplomat and slavist who worked as a politician in Bulgaria from 1879 to 1884 (see Irechek 1878 and Irechek 1876 for English and German translations) . This idea was followed by a prominent Bulgarian specialist in the Middle Ages (Slatarski 1918; Zlatarski 1914, 1918, 1970), and to this day there are followers, some of whom claim that the small Bulgarian Horde "sunk" in the Slavic demographic sea.

However, researchers such as Peter Christmas, Peter Dobrev and Georgi Bakalov reject the idea of ​​the Hundo-Tatar (Turkic) origin of the Proto-Bulgarians (Dobrev 1991, 1998, 2005, Fall and others 2000) and recently the number of those who agree with they are increasing, for example: Daskalov 2011; Haefs 2009, Stamatov 1997. Their rejection of the Hundo-Tatar origin is based on archaeo-anthropological, historical, linguistic and ethnographic evidence, which has increased over the past 30 years.

These studies show that in the 2nd century the Proto-Bulgarians created 3 countries in Europe - Danube Bulgaria, Volga-Komska Bulgaria and Old Great Bulgaria in the North Caucasus. They also built city-fortresses, formed powerful armies and developed civilizations, economies and art.

Leading turkologists have also provided evidence that the language of the Proto-Bulgarians does not reflect the Turkic linguistic family; instead, it gravitates around the Pamiric languages ​​of the East Iranian group, which belongs to the Indo-European branch languages (ΑΡΙΟΙ!)​​(Bazin 1974, Manchen-Helfen 1973, Menges 1968, Pritsak 1955). Moreover, written sources from ancient Greek, Old Bulgarian, Old Khazar and Proto-Bulgarian authors suggest that the Proto-Bulgarians were a numerous people (Beşeliev 1993; Daskalov 2011; Duychev 1963; Petrov and Gyuzelev 1979), constituting between 32 and 60% of the population of Danube Bulgaria 2005; Rashev 1993). Since there are no examples of advanced, developed peoples (such as the proto-Bulgarians) that have been assimilated by tribes in a low stage of social development like the Balkan Slav tribes, it is unlikely that the Proto-Bulgarians were engulfed by such a group. Nowadays, the analysis of ancient mitochondrial DNA from the remains found in Bulgaria is lacking in literature. Thus, we publish the first data from a mitochondrial phylogenetic analysis of ancient DNA extracted from human remains found in the Bulgarian lands. We describe the composition of the mitochondrial DNA found in our samples and discuss the data obtained from a genetic, anthropological and historical point of view in order to elucidate the origin of the ancient Proto-Bulgarian peoples.

Materials and methods

In order to minimize the possible "discovering effects", we analyzed human skeletal remains found in various Bulgarian lands dating from different periods of the First Bulgarian State - Danube Bulgaria (8-10th century). The population of Danube Bulgaria consisted mainly of Proto-Bulgarian and Slavic tribes, inhabiting lands inhabited in antiquity by Thracian peoples. The Proto-Bulgarians practiced typical funerary traditions while the glories used cremation (Yordanov and Timeva 2010, Rashev 2008, Rashev and others 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989). On the basis of this fact and of historical and anthropological data, the analyzed remains are considered to be Proto-Bulgarian. Samples (teeth) from graves were collected in 3 necropolises: Monastery Mostich (Shumen district), Nojarevo (Silistra district) - both in Northeastern Bulgaria and from Tuhovishte (Satovcha district) - in Southwestern Bulgaria (Fig.1). Table 1 provides a description of the samples analyzed. The three necropolises were discovered and explored in the mid-20th century.

he first necropolis - the Monastery of Mostich is in the outer southeastern part of Veliki Preslav, Shoumen district. His monastic character was based on a burial inscription for the Chigu-Boil Mostich, a former military and administrative officer who later became a monk. He was re-buried in a tomb on the north side of the church. These tombs testify to burial practices typical of the medieval Bulgarian monasteries. Another two-sided brick tomb found at the western portal of the church belonged to the founder of the monastery (Georgi, the Bulgarian singer) and his close relatives (Popkonstantinov and Kostova 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013).

Nojarevo - the second necropolis is a wounded medieval necropolis, characterized as pagan and british. Most graves are funerary with specific body positioning and often with artificially deformed skulls and bones (Yordanov and Timeva 2010, Rashev 2008, Rashev and others 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989).

The third necropolis is located near the village of Tuhovishte - in SW Rhodopes, Chech region. The stone graves are predominantly funerary but there are also cremations (Serafimova 1981).

Following is the traditional methodology of 3 basic steps: 1) PCR amplification (enlargement) of several short and overlapping target fragments to recover larger HVS I regions; 2) extracting and sequencing several clones for each amplified fragment, and 3) aligning and comparing sequences from different clones and overlapping fragments to restore the final consensus sequence of the entire region under consideration (Rizzi et al., 2012). All methods for the preparation, extraction and analysis of ancient mDNA follow a strict protocol (Hofreiter, Jaenicke et al., 2001, Paabo et al., 2004) .The tooth was cleaned and crushed in a rotary instrument, and the mitochondrial DNA was extracted by a silicon based protocol (Caramelli et al., 2008, Hoss and Paabo 1993).

Показване на още
1089/5000
We analyzed sequences from hypervariable segment HVS I (hypervariable segment HVS-I) because most mtDNA variants belong to this region; this is also the region most commonly used for tracing human origins. Following the standard procedures (Caramelli et al., 2008, Pilli et al., 2013) we used AmpliTaq Gold® Applied Biosystems® to perform several steps of amplification and quantitation of overlapping fragments covering 360 bp of HVS-I. HVS-I was extracted from 3 overlapping fragments (L15995-H16132, L16107-H16261 and L16247-H16402). For each step, the quality and amount of the fragments was checked by agarose gel electrophoresis. The amplified fragments were cloned with specific competent cells (Escherichia coli) and TOPO TA Cloning® Kit, Life Technologies TM. Recombinant colonies were observed by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and Microcon® purified EMD Millipore® PCR purification. The products were made a Sanger method using the BigDye® Terminator Kit, Applied Biosystems®.

The variation between the samples was measured by t-tests and the sequence sequences of the individual clones of the different amplicons were aligned and verified. Nucleotide changes occurring at certain positions in only one or two clones were considered as amplification errors or for cloning procedure errors. However, the substitutions observed in the majority of the clones were considered to be true mutations and were reported in the final consensus sequences. These variations of the ancient mDNA were determined by aligning the mtDNA sequences to the revised Cambridge Reference Sequences (rCRS). The HVS-I haplogroups were classified in possible hipprologys and sub-haplogroups using HaploGrep (Andrews et al., 1999; Hofreiter, Serre et al., 2001; Van Oven and Kayser 2009, KlossBrandstaetter et al., 2011).

The extracted hippocampal frequencies were compared to those of modern Eurasian populations, including the Volga-Ural Region populations through the PCA, carried out via Excel supplemented with XlStat.

Results and discussion

From the analysis of 228 clone sequences, we extracted the HVS-I mDNA from 13 individuals showing 12 independent haplotypes. They were then classified into 10 mDNA halobiruses: H, H1, H5, H13, HV1, J1, T1, T2 and U3 (Table 2, Achilli et al., 2007; Karachanak et al. 2002, Soares et al., 2010, Torroni et al., 2001).

We compared the hippology of our ancient samples with those of the samples of the modern Bulgarians that we had previously analyzed (Karachanak et al., 2012).

The main hippolippus N, prevalent in the European peoples, has a frequency of 41.9% for modern Bulgarians (Karachanak et al., 2012) and occurs in 7 of the 13 proto-Bulgarian samples (about 54%).

The rest of the ancient DNA belongs to one of the following West-Eurasian hipprologists HV1, J, J1, T, T2 and U3. They occur in modern Bulgarians with the following frequency: HV1-0.2%, J-7.9%, J1 - 1.3%, T - 10.6%, T2 - 6.3% and U3 - 1.9%. We have not found evidence of East Asian (F, B, P, A, S, O, Y or M derivatives) or African (L) hipprologists. Thus, our results do not support the theories of Mongolian-Altaic or Hundo-Tatar origins of Proto-Bulgarians.

PCA - The analysis of modern Eurasian populations, including Volga-Ural and Proto-Bulgarian, is based on frequencies of mitochondrial DNA hp-hops set forth in the Subsidiary Table below. The PCA scheme (Fig. 2) shows that from the perspective of mDNA, Proto-Bulgarians are positioned among the southeastern and eastern European peoples, including modern Bulgarian peoples. Proto-Bulgarians are genetically distanced from the northern and western Europeans and from the Middle East and Caucasus peoples. At the furthest distance from the Proto-Bulgarians are the Volga-Ural and Arab nations. (DIE UNTERMENSCHEN) Therefore, our results suggest that Proto-Bulgarians are genetically similar to modern Bulgarians and certain Southeast Europeans, as well as to Italian peoples. Future analyzes of samples of human remains found on the territory of Bulgaria and dating from different periods (from 3,000 BC) will further elucidate the genetic composition of past peoples who inhabited the modern Bulgarian lands.

The scope of molecular anthropological research has increased in recent years, thanks to an in-depth study of the origins of modern nations and peoples in the past. The results form a map of possible prehistoric human migration routes in different time periods and provide a detailed reconstruction of prehistoric and historical events around the world. Thus, ancient and up-to-date data create a picture of our history from the emergence of modern humans 200,000 years ago in East Africa.

This work on the ancient Bulgarian samples builds on the genetic picture of the past by presenting the first data from DNA samples on the maternal line of individuals who inhabited the present Bulgarian territories in the 8-10th century. Our results show that the hippogruppes found in the ancient samples are predominantly West-Eurasian. This discovery supports the concept of West-Eurasian origin on the maternal line of the Proto-Bulgarians and contradicts Mongol-Altai and Hunto-Tatar theories. The comparison of the Proto-Bulgarians and the modern Eurasian population, including that of the Volgaural region, shows that, despite the distance of more than 11 centuries, there is genetic proximity between proto- and modern Bulgarians (Karachianak, etc.). The phylogenetic analysis of additional human remains will help to further elucidate the gradual changes in the maternal composition of the past populations inhabiting today's Bulgarian lands. These data will contribute to a deeper understanding of the Bulgarian genetic past

Contribution

This study was done with the support of the National Science Fund of Bulgaria, Project "Characterization of the Anthropo-Genetic Identity of the Bulgarians", contract number DOO 2-110 / 22.05.2009. Received on December 22, 2014; revision adopted on 11 April 2015

https://nauka.bg/mitohondrialna-dnk-razkriva-zapadno/

Κηρύσσω την απόλυτη, πλήρη και τελική μου νίκη! Κάτι φανερό για κάθε άνθρωπο που δεν είναι καθυστερημένος ηλίθιος ή φανατισμένος αντιβουλγαρος (ο judéo-bolchévique). Εντάξει, ο άργος στο κεφάλι τώρα θα πει ότι αυτοί ειναι ναζιστές (δεν σου αρέσει η αλήθεια;). Προφανώς ένας πολύ χαζός απόγονος τουρκομογγόλων ξέρει καλύτερα τα πράγματα από καθηγητές. Ένας από τους ιταλούς έχει δώσει το μέιλ του - david.caramelli@unifi.it Περιμένω να του στείλεις μήνυμα ότι είναι αγράμματος ναζιστής. Καλύτερα τα ξέρεις τα πράγματα από έναν καθηγητή από τη Florence.

Εγώ θέλω μόνο να πω ότι ήταν ξέκθαρο ότι οι Πρώτο-Άριοι (από εκεί και πέρα θα χρησιμοποιούμε οι ''Πρόγονοί μου'') δεν εξαφανίστηκαν στη σλαβική θάλασσα. Αυτοί βρίσκονταν σε ένα ανωτέρω πολιτικό, κρατικό και πολιτιστικό επίπεδο από τους υποταγμένους σλάβους. Κάτι που δεν έχει συμβεί και οπουδήποτε στον κόσμο! Οι Πρόγονοί μου ήταν άρχοντες, κύριοι, ανώτεροι! Σαν τους γερμανούς μας φίλους. Λαός που έχει γεννηθεί να κυβερνά! Όχι να είναι υποταγμένος σκλάβος σαν τους πολωνούς και τσέχους (πουτ@νάκια των γερμανων όλη την ζωή τους) ή τους σέρβους (δικά μας πουτ@νάκια)!

Τώρα ας γυρίσουμε στο θέμα αφού ξεκαθαρίσαμε ότι εγώ έχω δίκιο. Σήμερα ο ''ανώτερος'' Ταλάτ Τζαφέρι ήρθε στη Σόφια για ratification της συμφωνίας για την είσοδο της Βόρειας Μακεντόνιας στο ΝΑΤΟ.


Λοιπόν, θα ρθω την παρασκευή να διαβάσω πως ο χαζός γράφει: "ναζιστική έρευνα!"