The Pegasus Project
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The Pegasus Project is an international investigative journalism effort to reveal spying abuses by various governments upon journalists, opposition politicians, activists, business people and others using the private NSO Group's Pegasus spyware, officially marketed for surveillance of serious criminals and terrorists. In 2020, a target list of 50,000 phone numbers leaked to Forbidden Stories, the close analysis revealed the presence of leading opposition politicians, human rights activists, journalists, lawyers and other political dissidents.
More than half of the phones inspected by the Amnesty International's cybersecurity team revealed forensic evidence of the Pegasus spyware, a zero-click Trojan virus developed by NSO Group.[1] This malware provides full access to the device, its data, images, photographs and conversations to the attacker. This information was passed along to 17 media organisations under the umbrella name "The Pegasus Project". Reports started to be published by member organizations on July 18th, 2021, analyzing the practice as a threat to freedom of the press, freedom of speech, dissidents and democratic opposition. On July 20th, 14 heads of States were revealed as former targets of Pegasus malware. Various parties called for further investigation of the abuses and a limitation on trading such repressive malware, among them the newsrooms involved, the Committee to Protect Journalists, the International Press Institute, Edward Snowden and others.
Pegasus is spyware developed by the Israeli cyberarms firm NSO Group that can be covertly installed on mobile phones (and other devices) running most[2] versions of iOS and Android. The spyware is named after the mythical winged horse Pegasus—it is a Trojan horse that can be sent "flying through the air" to infect phones.[3] Usages of the Pegasus spyware have been monitored for years. Amnesty has argued that the digital invasion is correlated with real-life consequences for spied targets, either via psychological or physical damages.[4]
NSO states that it provides "authorized governments with technology that helps them combat terror and crime",[5][6] has published sections of contracts requiring customers only to use its products for criminal and national security investigations, and stated that it has an industry-leading approach to human rights.
In 2020, a list of over 50,000 phone numbers believed to belong to individuals identified as "people of interest" by clients of the Israeli cyberarms firm NSO Group was leaked to Amnesty International and Forbidden Stories, a media nonprofit organisation based in Paris, France. This information was passed along to 17 media organisations under the umbrella name "The Pegasus Project". Over several months, over 80 journalists from The Guardian (United Kingdom), Le Monde and Radio France (France), Die Zeit, Süddeutsche Zeitung, WDR and NDR (Germany), The Washington Post and Frontline (United States),[7] Haaretz (Israel), Aristegui Noticias and Proceso (Mexico), Knack and Le Soir (Belgium), The Wire (India), Daraj (Syria),[8] Direkt36 (Hungary),[9] and OCCRP investigated the spying abuses.
The leaked list of targeted phone numbers provides an indication of being a "person of interest" and a first indication of possible hacking, to be confirmed via direct forensic examination of the phone. Amnesty has published Forensic Methodology Report: How to catch NSO Group's Pegasus,[2] citing "The Citizen Lab at the University of Toronto has independently peer-reviewed a draft of the forensic methodology outlined in this report. Their review can be found here".[2] Amnesty also published various tools or data from this investigation, including a Mobile Verification Toolkit (MVT)[2] and a GitHub repository listing indicators of NSO/Pegasus compromised devices.[2][10] Some emerging unverified online services claim to be able to assess an infection by Pegasus, but their usage is discouraged as possible scams themselves.[11] Amnesty and Forbidden Stories are receiving numerous queries for checking devices but are not able to satisfy those demands.[11]
The investigation suggested that Pegasus continued to be widely used by authoritarian governments to spy on human rights activists, journalists and lawyers worldwide, although NSO claims that it is only intended for use against criminals and terrorists.[1][12]
While the list included the numbers of known criminals, against whom Pegasus is intended to be used, the list also included the phone numbers of hundreds of business executives, religious figures, academics, NGO employees, union officials and government officials, including cabinet ministers, presidents and prime ministers, and also of close family members of one country's ruler, possibly spied on by the ruler. The Observer revealed details on 18 July 2021 and said that its sister daily The Guardian would report further details in the following days.
NSO Group did not deny the presence of its spyware, responding to the report by stating they rigorously vetted its customers' human rights records before allowing them to use its spy tools, and denied "false claims" about its clients' activities, but said it would "continue to investigate all credible claims of misuse and take appropriate action".[1]
NSO Group stated that "NSO does not operate the systems that it sells to vetted government customers, and does not have access to the data of its customers’ targets. NSO does not operate its technology, does not collect, nor possesses, nor has any access to any kind of data of its customers. Due to contractual and national security considerations, NSO cannot confirm or deny the identity of our government customers, as well as the identity of customers of which we have shut down systems."[13]
Journalists around the world have expressed outrage at the use of anti-criminality tools against non-criminals, journalists, opposition representatives, and other civilians. Edward Snowden has called for governments to impose a global moratorium on the international spyware trade in order to avoid ubiquitous violation of privacy and associated abuses.[14]
Haaretz argued such invasive monitoring technology is the weapon of choice for autocratic governments, allowing continuous monitoring of opponents, preventing protests from the beginning before they are organised, and discouraging sources to share information with journalists.[15] This technology should, therefore, be shared only with countries with independent and solid rule of law.[15]
The Committee to Protect Journalists called for a critical reform of the surveillance software industry and market.[16]
The International Press Institute, an international press freedom network, denounced the abuse of spying on journalists, calling formal investigations and accountability.[17]
Tamer Almisshal [ar], an investigative journalist for Al Jazeera Arabic, said the "[The hacking of the Al Jazeera staffers' and journalists' phones is] a crime against journalism. Based on this spyware, journalists have been arrested, disappeared, or even killed. Khashoggi is just one example".[18]
In a statement, The National Association of Hungarian Journalists said they were "shocked by the revelations" and also stated: "If this is the case, it is unacceptable, outrageous and illegal, full information must be disclosed to the public immediately".
Amazon has preemptively closed several instances used by NSO's Pegasus malware to infect its targets.[19]
The CEO of WhatsApp Will Cathcart, called for a global moratorium on the use of unaccountable surveillance technology and defended the use of end-to-end encryption following the reports.[20][21]
Rwanda through a statement by Vincent Biruta, Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation denied using Pegasus and claimed that accusations of the country using Pegasus and are part of an ongoing campaign to cause tensions between Rwanda and other countries, and to promote disinformation about Rwanda domestically and internationally.[22]
The Moroccan government denied claims of acquiring and using Pegasus.[22]
A statement from the office of Viktor Orbán in Hungary stated that they were not aware of any alleged data collection.[22]
The Indian government denied all claims made in the report.[19]
Israel denied having access to the information gathered by NSO’s clients.[19]
As of July 20, 2021, the governments of the United Arab Emirates, Dubai, Saudi Arabia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Kazakhstan and Mexico have not responded to the reports.[19]
In India the Indian National Congress accused Prime Minister Narendra Modi of “treason” and compromising national security following the release of the reports and called for the removal of Minister of Home and Internal Security Amit Shah and an investigation of the role of the Prime Minister Narendra Modi into the affair.[23][24]
However, The Indian IT minister made a statement that similar claims were made in the past regarding Pegasus for Whatsapp which had no factual basis and was even denied by The Supreme Court of India.
On July 20, 2021, it was reported that French prosecutors would investigate allegations that Moroccan intelligence services used Pegasus to spy on French journalists.[25]
A French journalist noted that "in a matter of cyber-surveillance, we observe that abuses is de facto the rule".[26]
Targets include known criminals as well as human rights defenders, political opponents, lawyers, diplomats, heads of state and nearly 200 journalists from 24 countries.[27] The Guardian mentioned 38 journalists in Morocco, 48 journalists in Azerbaijan, 12 journalists in the United Arab Emirates and 38 journalists in India as having been targeted.[28] The list also includes at least one number once used by Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan.[29] Some of the targets whose names have been revealed are listed below; the list is non-exhaustive.
According to an analysis by the German newspaper Die Zeit, the following head of states have been targeted,[30][31] implying possible full access to their mobile phones data:
Noureddine Bedoui, Prime Minister of Algeria
Mostafa Madbouly, Prime Minister of Egypt
Charles Michel, Former Prime Minister of Belgium and current President of the European Council
Emmanuel Macron, President of France
Édouard Philippe, Prime Minister of France
Édith Chabre, wife of Édouard Philippe.
Most French ministers.
Numerous French diplomats.
Barham Salih, President of Iraq
Bakitzhan Sagintayevv, Prime Minister of Kazakhstan
Saad Hariri, Prime Minister of Lebanon
Mohammed VI, King of Morocco
Saad-Eddine El Othmani, Prime Minister of Morocco
Imran Khan, Prime Minister of Pakistan
Cyril Ramaphosa, President of South Africa
Ruhakana Rugunda, Prime Minister of Uganda
Ahmed Obaid Bin-Dagher, Prime Minister of Yemen
Fatima Movlamli, an Azerbaijani civil society activist and journalist opposed to local dictatorship. Intimate photographs of her were leaked on Facebook in 2019 when she was only 18.[28]
Hungary
Used against opposition journalists, opposition leaders and critics.
Szabolcs Panyi, a Hungarian investigative journalist for Direkt36 [hu], hacked in 2019.[32] Panyi joined the Pegasus Project investigation.[32]
András Szabó, a Hungarian investigative journalist.[33]
Dávid Dercsényi, a Hungarian investigative journalist (HVG).[9]
György Gémesi, a right-wing opposition politician, mayor of Gödöllő and president of the Alliance of Hungarian Local-Governments.[34]
János Bánáti [hu], president of the Hungarian Bar Association, and nine other lawyers.[35]
Zoltán Varga [hu], a businessman and owner of Central Media Group, which publish opposition press products (24.hu).[9]
Attila Chikán, a former economy minister in the first cabinet of Viktor Orbán, currently a vocal critic of Orbán's politics.[9]
India
Stan Swamy, a Roman Catholic priest and tribal rights activist, was arrested on terrorism charges and died in prison in 2021
Used against opposition leaders, journalists and minority leaders.
Rahul Gandhi, a Indian politician and main rival of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, was targeted on two of his cellphones.[36]
Five close friends and other Indian National Congress party officials were in the leaked list of potential targets.[36]
Prashant Kishor, a political strategist who is associated with several of rivals of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi was targeted.[37]
Ashok Lavasa, an ex-Election Commissioner of India who flagged Prime Minister Narendra Modi's poll code violation in the 2019 Indian general election was allegedly targeted.[38]
Numerous Indian politicians including Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka G. Parameshwara, as well as close aides of then Chief Minister H. D. Kumaraswamy and senior Congress leader Siddaramaiah.[39][40][41]
Siddharth Varadarajan, a New Delhi–based, American investigative journalist and founder of The Wire. Varadarajan joined the investigation of Project Pegasus.[32]
Umar Khalid, a left-wing student activist and leader of the Democratic Students' Union, was added to the list in late 2018, then charged with sedition. He was arrested in September 2020 for organising riots, the provided evidence was taken from his phone. He is currently in jail awaiting trial.[28]
Stan Swamy, an Indian Jesuit father and activist. Swamy died in July 2021 at the age of 84 after contracting COVID-19 in prison.[28]
Collaborators Hany Babu, Shoma Sen and Rona Wilson were also in the project's list of alleged targets.[28]
Mexico
Used against anti-corruption journalists, opposition leaders and a judge.
Cecilio Pineda Birto (d. 2017), a Mexican investigative and anti-corruption journalist. His phone was added as a Pegasus target just weeks before his assassination.[32]
Eduardo Ferrer Mac-Gregor Poisot [es], a Mexican judge, former president of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.[28]
Alejandro Solalinde, a Catholic priest and champion of migrants' rights. Believe to be targeted due to his support to opposition politicians.[28]
Morocco
Used against opposition and Western Sahara–friendly journalists in Morocco and France.
Edwy Plenel, a French journalist, co-founder and publishing editor at opposition newsroom Mediapart, hacked in 2019 by Morocco.[42]
Lénaïg Bredoux [fr], a French journalist also at Mediapart, hacked in 2020 by Morocco.[42]
Ignacio Cembrero [es], a Spanish journalist specialising in the Maghreb. He reported that he was hacked by the Moroccan government after learning that in June a Moroccan newspaper "picked up two Whatsapp conversations he had had with senior officials of the Spanish administration".[43][44]
Saudi Arabia
Loujain al-Hathloul, Saudi women's rights activist, was placed on Pegasus target's list then abducted, arrested and tortured.
Used against an opposition journalist and a women's rights activist since 2018.
Jamal Khashoggi (died 2 October 2018), a Saudi-American investigative and opposition journalist, a contributor to The Washington Post, assassinated by Saudi operatives. Khashoggi, his wife Hanan El-Atr and phones of other people close to him have been targeted before and after his assassination.[45]
Hatice Cengiz [ar], Khashoggi's partner, was infected with Pegasus with forensic evidence of the spyware found on 6, 9 and 12 October 2018, few days after Khashoggi's assassination.[46]
Khashoggi's contacts Yasin Aktay, Yahya Assiri, Hanan El-Atr, Abdullah Khashoggi, Madawi al-Rasheed, and Azzam Tamimi were also targeted.[47]
İrfan Fidan [tr], Turkey's Istanbul chief prosecutor in charge of the Khashoggi murder's investigation, who later charged 20 Saudi operatives, is on the list of leaked targets.[48]
Loujain al-Hathloul, a prominent Saudi women's rights activist, selected in 2018, likely by the United Arab Emirates (an ally of Saudi Arabia), before her forced abduction and return to Saudi Arabia for arrest and possibly torture. She was released from prison in February 2021, but her freedom of movement is still limited.[28]
Spain
Used against the Catalan independence movement from 2015 onwards:[49]
Roger Torrent, allegedly attacked during his mandate as President of the Parliament of Catalonia.[50]
Anna Gabriel i Sabaté, leading figure of the Catalan anticapitalist party Popular Unity Candidacy and related to the organisation of the 2017 Catalan independence referendum.[50]
Ernest Maragall, former Minister of Education of Catalonia, Member of the European Parliament, candidate to Barcelona City Council in 2019 for the Republican Left of Catalonia.[51]